The Biota of the Gordon Natural Area - Plants
Vascular Plants at the GNA
Plant life at the GNA has long held an attraction for both faculty (beginning with Dr. Gordon) and students. Dr. William Overlease conducted extensive research in the GNA, with much of his work focused on the vegetative succession of a former corn field in what is now the western part of the preserve. There have been three site-wide floristic surveys of the GNA: during 1984 (by biology students Jack Holt and Jim Plyler); during 2007 by botanical consultants Jack Holt (the former student) and Janet Ebert; and during 2017-19 in a ‘follow-up’ survey by Jack Holt and Janet Ebert. In 2002, former GNA Stewardship Manager Gerry Hertel began establishing what would become 22 ‘Floristic Health Management’ (FHM) plots. While these were primarily monitored only for woody plants, in 2004 the 18 plots that had been established by that time were also surveyed for herbaceous species. And throughout the history of the GNA there have been many student projects that focused on portions of the GNA flora. Because of this intensity of effort, vascular plants constitute the best-known biotic group at the GNA.
Despite the Gordon’s relatively small size (~ 126 acres) and its proximity to extensive development, the preserve supports an extremely high diversity of native plants (in addition to a large component of introduced plant species). The compiled plant list for the site currently contains 663 species in 364 genera, 110 families, and 56 orders. Five species are on the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program's list of species of conservation concern, and many additional species are locally significant.
It should be noted that these 663 species represent all vascular plant species that have been noted at the Gordon Natural Area since the inception of data collecting. Some species have only been observed a single time, and in some cases, the last observation occurred many years ago. For example, New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus), which was formerly a state-listed species, was last noted in the GNA in 1978.
Perhaps a better measure of the GNA’s vascular plant richness can be obtained by looking only at those species that have been noted since the beginning of 2004 (i.e., at the initiation of comprehensive monitoring in the FHM plots). During that period (i.e., 2004-present), 606 species of vascular plants were noted in the GNA.
You can explore the vascular plant checklist below, or you can access a pdf copy of the checklist.
Asplenium platyneuron (Ebony Spleenwort)
Group: Plants
Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Aspleniaceae
Notes
Common Name: Ebony Spleenwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 52).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 70-71).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 90).
Online Resources for Asplenium platyneuron:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Eastern Hayscented Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dennstaedtiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Eastern Hayscented Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2025
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 116).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 115-17).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 81).
Online Resources for Dennstaedtia punctilobula:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Eastern Hayscented Fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula)
Eastern Hayscented Fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula)
Athyrium filix. femina (Common Ladyfern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Ladyfern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2024
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
121637982 (Observed: 6/13/2022)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 70-71).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 86-87).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 95).
Online Resources for Athyrium filix-femina:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Common Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina)
Deparia acrostichoides (Silvery Glade Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Silvery Glade Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Athyrium thelypterioides (Michx.) Desv.; Diplazium acrostichoides (Sw.) ButtersYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2019; 2022-2023
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
121755913 (Observed: 6/13/2022)
121593724 (Observed: 5/25/2016)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 76).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 118-21).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 94).
Online Resources for Deparia acrostichoides:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Silvery Glade Fern (Deparia acrostichoides)
Dryopteris carthusiana (Spinulose Woodfern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Spinulose Woodfern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2021
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
45354922 (Observed: 5/7/2020)
68613836 (Observed: 1/25/2021)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 130).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 132-33).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 101).
Wintergreen Species References:
Neufeld, H. S. and D. R. Young. 2003. Ecophysiology of the herbaceous layer in temperate deciduous forests. pp. 38-90. In: Gilliam, F. S. and M. R. Roberts (eds). The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Online Resources for Dryopteris carthusiana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Spinulose Woodfern (Dryopteris carthusiana)
Spinulose Woodfern (Dryopteris carthusiana)
Dryopteris cristata (Crested Woodfern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Crested Woodfern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2004
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 136).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 136-37).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 102).
Online Resources for Dryopteris cristata:
Dryopteris intermedia (Intermediate Woodfern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Intermediate Woodfern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 144).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 144-45).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 102).
Online Resources for Dryopteris intermedia:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Matteuccia struthiopteris (Ostrich Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Ostrich Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
42464077 (Observed: 4/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 198).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 162-65).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 52).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 92).
Online Resources for Matteuccia struthiopteris:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris): close-up of fiddlehead
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris)
Ostrich Fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris): with fertile frond
Onoclea sensibilis (Sensitive Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sensitive Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2016-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
155652072 (Observed: 4/19/2023)
111945358 (Observed: 4/18/2022)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 200).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 166-69).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 53).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 93).
Online Resources for Onoclea sensibilis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)
Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)
Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)
Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)
Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)
Polystichum acrostichoides (Christmas Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Christmas Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2016-2026
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
183748156 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
191109147 (Observed: 11/15/2023)
168515879 (Observed: 6/20/2023)
64133867 (Observed: 11/3/2020)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 156).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 198-99).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 103).
Online Resources for Polystichum acrostichoides:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides)
Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides)
Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides)
Equisetum arvense (Field Horsetail)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Equisetaceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Horsetail
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2021; 2023-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
154291714 (Observed: 4/10/2023)
46767664 (Observed: 5/21/2020)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 170).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 340-41).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 73).
Online Resources for Equisetum arvense:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)
Huperzia lucidula (Shining Clubmoss)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Lycopodiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Shining Clubmoss
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1983-1984; 2004
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 370).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 308-09).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 64).
Online Resources for Huperzia lucidula:
Lycopodium digitatum (Fan Clubmoss)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Lycopodiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Fan Clubmoss
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dill. ex A. Braun) Holub; Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fernald) BlanchYear Noted: 1983-1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 358).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 296-97).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 67).
Online Resources for Lycopodium digitatum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Diphasiastrum digitatum)
Botrychium dissectum (Cutleaf Grapefern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Ophioglossaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cutleaf Grapefern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Sceptridium dissectum (Spreng.) LyonYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 244).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 265-67).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 70).
Online Resources for Botrychium dissectum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Sceptridium dissectum)
Botrychium virginianum (Rattlesnake Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Ophioglossaceae
Notes
Common Name: Rattlesnake Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Botrypus virginianus (L.) HolubYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
140054882 (Observed: 5/14/2018)
79316500 (Observed: 5/13/2021)
74364916 (Observed: 4/17/2021)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 228).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 248-49).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 71).
Online Resources for Botrychium virginianum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Botrypus virginianus)
Images
Rattlesnake Fern (Botrychium virginianum)
Rattlesnake Fern (Botrychium virginianum)
Rattlesnake Fern (Botrychium virginianum)
Osmunda cinnamomea (Cinnamon Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Osmundaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cinnamon Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 256).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 172-73).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 75).
Online Resources for Osmunda cinnamomea:
Fire Effects Information System
iNaturalist (for the synonym Osmundastrum cinnamomeum)
Osmunda claytoniana (Interrupted Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Osmundaceae
Notes
Common Name: Interrupted Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016; 2022-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
119666013 (Observed: 5/31/2022)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 258).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 174-75).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 76).
Online Resources for Osmunda claytoniana:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Interrupted Fern (Osmunda claytoniana)
Interrupted Fern (Osmunda claytoniana)
Interrupted Fern (Osmunda claytoniana)
Interrupted Fern (Osmunda claytoniana)
Osmunda regalis (Royal Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Osmundaceae
Notes
Common Name: Royal Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 260).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 176-77).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 51).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 76).
Online Resources for Osmunda regalis:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Osmunda spectabilis)
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Adiantum pedatum (Northern Maidenhair Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Pteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Northern Maidenhair Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
104421434 (Observed: 10/16/2021)
46427851 (Observed: 5/18/2020)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 278).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 55-58).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 83).
Online Resources for Adiantum pedatum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Northern Maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum)
Northern Maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum)
Northern Maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum)
Northern Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum)
Selaginella apoda (Meadow Spikemoss)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Selaginellaceae
Notes
Common Name: Meadow Spikemoss
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2018; 2020-2021; 2024-2026
Notes: Known from just one location near the western edge of the GNA. Growing on very steep banks above Plum Run. Approximately one week after this population was discovered, all individuals were 'scoured' by high water after a storm.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
329111044 (Observed: 12/1/2025)
87292568 (Observed: 1/17/2020)
37686905 (Observed: 1/17/2020)
65955636 (Observed: 11/24/2020)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 398).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 374-75).
Online Resources for Selaginella apoda:
Images
Meadow Spikemoss (Selaginella apoda)
Meadow Spikemoss (Selaginella apoda)
Meadow Spikemoss (Selaginella apoda)
Meadow Spikemoss (Selaginella apoda)
Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Broad Beechfern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Thelypteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Broad Beechfern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
104421429 (Observed: 10/16/2021)
41784940 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
73879802 (Observed: 4/13/2021)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 314).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 188-89).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 76).
Online Resources for Phegopteris hexagonoptera:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Broad Beechfern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera)
Broad Beechfern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera)
Broad Beechfern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera)
Broad Beechfern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera)
Thelypteris noveboracensis (New York Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Thelypteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: New York Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Parathelypteris novaeboracensis (L.) ChingYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2020; 2022-2023; 2025
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Notes: Fairly commonly encountered at the Gordon. As is often the case for ferns in overgrazed habitats, at the Gordon this species can often dominate large areas of the forest floor.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
121756488 (Observed: 6/13/2022)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 308).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 210-11).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 86).
Online Resources for Thelypteris noveboracensis:
Fire Effects Information System
iNaturalist (for the synonym Amauropelta noveboracensis)
Images
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis): dominating a good-sized area of the forest floor
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis): habit
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis)
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis)
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis): close-up of underside of pinna
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis): close-up of sori
New York Fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis)
Thelypteris palustris (Eastern Marsh Fern)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Ferns & Fern Allies
Family: Thelypteridaceae
Notes
Common Name: Eastern Marsh Fern
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017; 2022-2023; 2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136193771 (Observed: 9/23/2022)
General Floristic References:
Chadde, S. W. (2013). Northeast Ferns: A Field Guide to the Ferns and Fern Relatives of the Northeastern United States. New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Company (p. 316).
Cobbe, B., et al. (2005). Ferns of Northeastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Framingham, MA; New York, NY, New England Wildflower Society (p. 212-13).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 54).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 86).
Online Resources for Thelypteris palustris:
Images
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris): dominating a good-sized area of the forest floor
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris): habit
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris): close-up of underside of pinna
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris): close-up of the sori
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Eastern Marsh Fern (Thelypteris palustris)
Acer negundo (Boxelder)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Boxelder
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1971; 1984; 2002; 2004-2005; 2007-2014; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Honey Bees
Notes: Although a member of the same genus as the Maples (Acer), Box Elder, with it's compound leaves and 'scrubby' habit, does not resemble a typical Maple. However, if you look at the image of the fruits, you'll see the fruits that these are typical Maple fruits.
Note: This species is dioecious (i.e., with a tree having only male or female flowers), so don't expect to see fruits on every tree.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310254143 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
41947683 (Observed: 4/11/2020)
76542810 (Observed: 4/29/2021)
41789392 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 719).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 184-186).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 710).
Online Resources for Acer negundo:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Boxelder (Acer negundo): Fruits
Boxelder (Acer negundo): Fruits
Boxelder (Acer negundo): Close-up of the twigs
Boxelder (Acer negundo): The green
Boxelder (Acer negundo): Fruits
Boxelder (Acer negundo): The characteristic red staining on the wood. The black lines are fungal 'spalting'
Boxelder (Acer negundo): Male flowers
Acer palmatum (Japanese Maple)
Group: Plants
Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Maple
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Watch List — "Exotic plant species that are severe problems in surrounding states but have not been widely reported in Pennsylvania, OR may naturalize and become a problem in the future and require more monitoring."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2019; 2021-2022
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
75701118 (Observed: 4/29/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 188).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 711).
Online Resources for Acer palmatum:
Images
Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum)
Acer platanoides (Norway Maple)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Norway Maple
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 1992; 2002; 2004; 2007-2010; 2013; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Birds; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310247227 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
41789299 (Observed: 4/9/2020)
58272328 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 719).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 192-193).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 711).
Online Resources for Acer platanoides:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides): trunk
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides): seedling
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides)
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides): base of stem with milky sap
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides): underside of leaf
Acer pseudoplatanus (Sycamore Maple)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Sycamore Maple
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2015-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
46430297 (Observed: 5/18/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 721).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 201-202).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 711).
Online Resources for Acer pseudoplatanus:
Images
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus): trunk
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus): close-up of fruits
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
Acer rubrum (Red Maple)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Red Maple
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 1992; 2002; 2004-2005; 2007-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
183748176 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
40103296 (Observed: 3/16/2020)
50917620 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
73156685 (Observed: 4/6/2021)
72393513 (Observed: 3/29/2021)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 46).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 166).
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 721).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 194-196).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 711).
Online Resources for Acer rubrum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): trunk
Red Maple (Acer rubrum)
Red Maple (Acer rubrum)
Red Maple (Acer rubrum)
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): close-up of leaf attachment
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): upper surface of a leaf
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): lower surface of a leaf
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): trunk
Red Maple (Acer rubrum): close-up of the underside of a leaf
Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Silver Maple
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 721).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 196-198).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 711).
Online Resources for Acer saccharinum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aceraceae
Notes
Common Name: Sugar Maple
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1970; 2002; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2013; 2016; 2018-2020
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Honey Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310254477 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 49).
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 719).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 198-200).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 712).
Online Resources for Acer saccharum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Rhus glabra (Smooth Sumac)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Anacardiaceae
Notes
Lenape Name: këlëkënikwënakw.
Common Name: Smooth Sumac
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Birds
Allelopathic: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Nesting Materials; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Source for Lenape Name(s): delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Names-of-Other-Trees.pdf
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 707).
Online Resources for Rhus glabra:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Rhus typhina (Staghorn Sumac)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Anacardiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Staghorn Sumac
Growth Habit: Shrub, Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Nesting Materials; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
84896745 (Observed: 6/28/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 320-321).
Online Resources for Rhus typhina:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Toxicodendron radicans (Eastern Poison Ivy)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Anacardiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Eastern Poison Ivy
Growth Habit: Shrub, Subshrub, Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1971; 1984; 2007; 2012-2013; 2015-2025
Dispersed By: Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
88177181 (Observed: 7/22/2021)
80222330 (Observed: 5/24/2021)
Online Resources for Toxicodendron radicans:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans): Inflorescence
Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans): Close-up of flowers
Aegopodium podagraria (Bishops Goutweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bishop's Goutweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Human Activities; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
82199064 (Observed: 6/8/2021)
54857999 (Observed: 7/30/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 863).
Online Resources for Aegopodium podagraria:
Images
Bishop's Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria)
Bishop's Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria): close-up of leaves
Bishop's Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria): close-up of leaves
Cicuta maculata (Spotted Water Hemlock)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Spotted Water Hemlock
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2023
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 185).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 862).
Online Resources for Cicuta maculata:
Conium maculatum (Poison Hemlock)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Poison Hemlock
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2018; 2020-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
280831028 (Observed: 5/13/2025)
77878359 (Observed: 5/6/2021)
52512246 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 866).
Online Resources for Conium maculatum:
Images
Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
Cryptotaenia canadensis (Canadian Honewort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Honewort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2011; 2016-2018
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 861).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Cryptotaenia canadensis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Canadian Honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis)
Canadian Honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis)
Daucus carota (Queen Annes Lace)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Queen Anne's Lace
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1968; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
173761436 (Observed: 7/19/2023)
42808563 (Observed: 7/15/2019)
55827429 (Observed: 8/8/2020)
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Daucus carota:
Images
Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
Queen Anne's Lace (Daucus carota)
Hydrocotyle americana (American Marshpennywort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Marshpennywort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 184).
Online Resources for Hydrocotyle americana:
Osmorhiza claytonii (Claytons Sweetroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Names: Clayton's Sweetroot; Hairy Sweet Cicely
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2009; 2016-2020
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
41044980 (Observed: 3/29/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 863).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Brewer, R. 1980. A half-century of changes in the herb layer of a climax deciduous forest in Michigan. Journal of Ecology 68: 823-832.
Online Resources for Osmorhiza claytonii:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Clayton's Sweetroot (Osmorhiza claytonii)
Clayton's Sweetroot (Osmorhiza claytonii)
Clayton's Sweetroot (Osmorhiza claytonii)
Osmorhiza longistylis (Longstyle Sweetroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Longstyle Sweetroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2018; 2025
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
281052867 (Observed: 5/13/2025)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 863).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Osmorhiza longistylis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Longstyle Sweetroot (Osmorhiza longistylis)
Longstyle Sweetroot (Osmorhiza longistylis)
Longstyle Sweetroot (Osmorhiza longistylis)
Longstyle Sweetroot (Osmorhiza longistylis)
Pimpinella saxifraga (Solidstem Burnet Saxifrage)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Solidstem Burnet Saxifrage
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1994
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Online Resources for Pimpinella saxifraga:
Sanicula canadensis (Canadian Blacksnakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Blacksnakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2022
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
139520732 (Observed: 10/20/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 860).
Online Resources for Sanicula canadensis:
Images
Canadian Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula canadensis)
Sanicula odorata (Clustered Blacksnakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Clustered Blacksnakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2019; 2021-2023; 2025
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
13080966 (Observed: 6/3/2018)
159235358 (Observed: 5/2/2023)
79200870 (Observed: 5/17/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 860).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Sanicula odorata:
Images
Clustered Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata)
Clustered Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata)
Clustered Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata)
Clustered Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata)
Clustered Blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata)
Sanicula trifoliata (Largefruit Blacksnakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Largefruit Blacksnakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 860).
Online Resources for Sanicula trifoliata:
Zizia aurea (Meadow Zizia)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Meadow Zizia
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Pollinator.org
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 869).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Online Resources for Zizia aurea:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Apocynum cannabinum (Hemp Dogbane)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apocynaceae
Notes
Common Names: Hemp Dogbane; Indianhemp
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012; 2014; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
183393491 (Observed: 9/15/2023)
51630437 (Observed: 7/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 772).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Apocynum cannabinum:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Indianhemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Vinca minor (Common Periwinkle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Apocynaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Periwinkle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2007; 2016; 2018-2019; 2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Ants; Human Activities
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
271056424 (Observed: 4/17/2025)
174092670 (Observed: 7/20/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 771).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Vinca minor:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor): Habit
Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor): Leaves
Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor): Close-up of underside of leaf
Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor): Close-up of leaf bases
Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor): flower
Ilex crenata (Japanese Holly)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aquifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Holly
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2020; 2022-2023; 2025-2026
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
107202638 (Observed: 2/21/2022)
Online Resources for Ilex crenata:
Images
Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata)
Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata)
Ilex opaca (American Holly)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aquifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Holly
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007-2008; 2013; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Animals
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Honey Bees
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 98).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 148-149).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 852).
Online Resources for Ilex opaca:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Holly (Ilex opaca)
American Holly (Ilex opaca)
Ilex verticillata (Common Winterberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aquifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Winterberry
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2016-2021; 2025-2026
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Honey Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
51615403 (Observed: 7/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 163).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 852).
Online Resources for Ilex verticillata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Aralia elata (Japanese Angelica Tree)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Angelica Tree
Growth Habit: Tree
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2016
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 27).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 854).
Online Resources for Aralia elata:
Images
Japanese Angelica Tree (Aralia elata)
Japanese Angelica Tree (Aralia elata)
Japanese Angelica Tree (Aralia elata)
Aralia nudicaulis (Wild Sarsaparilla)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wild Sarsaparilla
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 855).
Online Resources for Aralia nudicaulis:
Fire Effects Information System
Aralia racemosa (American Spikenard)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Names: American Spikenard; Black Cohosh
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 855).
Online Resources for Aralia racemosa:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Hedera helix (English Ivy)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Name: English Ivy
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2008; 2013; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310247281 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
Online Resources for Hedera helix:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
English Ivy (Hedera helix)
English Ivy (Hedera helix)
English Ivy (Hedera helix)
Panax quinquefolius (American Ginseng)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Ginseng
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 855).
Online Resources for Panax quinquefolius:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
Panax trifolius (Dwarf Ginseng)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Araliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Dwarf Ginseng
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2015-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
113170706 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
73797782 (Observed: 4/11/2021)
77875767 (Observed: 5/7/2021)
42278892 (Observed: 4/15/2020)
73156188 (Observed: 4/6/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 855).
Online Resources for Panax trifolius:
Images
Dwarf Ginseng (Panax trifolius)
Dwarf Ginseng (Panax trifolius)
Dwarf Ginseng (Panax trifolius)
Aristolochia serpentaria (Virginia Snakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aristolochiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Snakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Ants
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 401).
Online Resources for Aristolochia serpentaria:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Endodeca serpentaria)
Images
Virginia Snakeroot (Aristolochia serpentaria)
Asarum canadense (Canadian Wildginger)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Aristolochiaceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Wildginger
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2014; 2016-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Ants
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270879889 (Observed: 4/16/2025)
46023956 (Observed: 5/12/2020)
41188618 (Observed: 4/23/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 399).
Online Resources for Asarum canadense:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Canadian Wildginger (Asarum canadense)
Canadian Wildginger (Asarum canadense)
Canadian Wildginger (Asarum canadense)
Canadian Wildginger (Asarum canadense)
Asclepias exaltata (Poke Milkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asclepiadaceae
Notes
Common Name: Poke Milkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 774).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Asclepias exaltata:
Asclepias incarnata (Swamp Milkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asclepiadaceae
Notes
Common Name: Swamp Milkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016; 2019-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a); Larval Host (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Virginia DCR; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
171560021 (Observed: 7/7/2023)
52516111 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
42799714 (Observed: 8/2/2019)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 205).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 774).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation [DCR]. 2022. https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/save-the-monarch; Date Accessed: 8/19/2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Asclepias incarnata:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
Asclepias syriaca (Common Milkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asclepiadaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Milkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1968; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a); Larval Host (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310255796 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
85002705 (Observed: 6/25/2021)
46770757 (Observed: 5/21/2020)
50914912 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 775).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Asclepias syriaca:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Asclepias tuberosa (Butterfly Milkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asclepiadaceae
Notes
Common Name: Butterfly Milkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2012; 2018
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a); Larval Host (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Virginia DCR; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 776).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation [DCR]. 2022. https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/save-the-monarch; Date Accessed: 8/19/2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Asclepias tuberosa:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa)
Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa)
Achillea millefolium (Common Yarrow)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Yarrow
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2022; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
52517815 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 907).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Achillea millefolium:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium): close-up of one head of flowers
Ageratina altissima (White Snakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: White Snakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2017-2025
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
59736954 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 961).
Online Resources for Ageratina altissima:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)
Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Annual Ragweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Annual Ragweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967-1970; 1972; 1984; 2007; 2016-2023
Dispersed By: Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory)
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
58987907 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 938).
Online Resources for Ambrosia artemisiifolia:
Images
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia): close-up of inflorescence
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia): close-up of inflorescence
Annual Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia): close-up of stem
Ambrosia trifida (Great Ragweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Great Ragweed
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 1989; 2007; 2017-2023
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Allelopathic: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
98229846 (Observed: 10/11/2021)
58988285 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 938).
Online Resources for Ambrosia trifida:
Images
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida)
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): inflorescence
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): inflorescence
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): upper surface of leaf
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): close-up of stem and leaf bases
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): close-up of flowers
Great Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): close-up of flowers
Antennaria howellii (Howells Pussytoes)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Howell's Pussytoes
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Antennaria neodioica Greene ssp. neodicoica (Greene) Bayer & StebbinsYear Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 902).
Online Resources for Antennaria howellii:
Antennaria neglecta (Field Pussytoes)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Pussytoes
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007
Allelopathic: Yes
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 902).
Online Resources for Antennaria neglecta:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Antennaria parlinii (Parlins Pussytoes)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Parlin's Pussytoes
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 903).
Online Resources for Antennaria parlinii:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Antennaria plantaginifolia (Womans Tobacco)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Woman's Tobacco
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 903).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Antennaria plantaginifolia:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Anthemis cotula (Stinking Chamomile)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Stinking Chamomile
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory)
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 909).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Anthemis cotula:
Arctium lappa (Greater Burdock)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Greater Burdock
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2017; 2019-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); Birds; General Zoochory; Mammals (non-bat); Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
60651576 (Observed: 9/24/2020)
42062388 (Observed: 4/12/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 886).
Online Resources for Arctium lappa:
Images
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): close-up of fruit
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa)
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): basal leaves
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): infructescence
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): infructescence
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): : close-up of stem
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): upper surface of leaf
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): underside of leaf
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): close-up of underside of leaf
Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa): close-up of fruit
Arctium minus (Lesser Burdock)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Lesser Burdock
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2012; 2017-2018; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
139554649 (Observed: 10/21/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 886).
Online Resources for Arctium minus:
Artemisia annua (Sweet Sagewort)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Sweet Sagewort; Sweet Annie
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2024
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
217328889 (Observed: 5/17/2024)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 908).
Online Resources for Artemisia annua:
Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana (White Sagebrush)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: White Sagebrush
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2022; 2024
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136581391 (Observed: 9/26/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 907).
Online Resources for Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana:
Images
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
White Sagebrush (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana)
Artemisia vulgaris (Common Wormwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Common Wormwood; Common Mugwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2022; 2024-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310245813 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
58281795 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
59771438 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 908).
Online Resources for Artemisia vulgaris:
Images
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris): inflorescence
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris): inflorescence
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Common Wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris)
Bidens bipinnata (Spanish Needles)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Spanish Needles
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); General Zoochory; Human Activities; Mammals (non-bat)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 952).
Online Resources for Bidens bipinnata:
Bidens cernua (Nodding Beggartick)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Nodding Beggartick
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Animals (Accidental); Birds; General Zoochory; Mammals (non-bat); Water
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 952).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Bidens cernua:
Bidens connata (Purplestem Beggarticks)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Purplestem Beggarticks
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2018; 2023
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 227).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 953).
Online Resources for Bidens connata:
Bidens frondosa (Devils Beggartick)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Devil's Beggartick
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2022; 2024-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136152347 (Observed: 9/22/2022)
58271810 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
60466744 (Observed: 9/22/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 953).
Online Resources for Bidens frondosa:
Images
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa): close-up of fruit
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa): close-up of inflorescence
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa): close-up of inflorescence
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa): close-up of inflorescence
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa): stem
Devil's Beggartick (Bidens frondosa)
Carduus nutans (Nodding Plumeless Thistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Nodding Plumeless Thistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Water; Wind
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 884).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Carduus nutans:
Centaurea cyanus (Garden Cornflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Garden Cornflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2020
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Notes: Growing along the PECO right-of-way. Possibly planted as a dye plant, or brought in on someone's footwear.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
52521317 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 887).
Online Resources for Centaurea cyanus:
Images
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Garden Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
Cichorium intybus (Chicory)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Chicory
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2011; 2017-2018; 2020-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
86906204 (Observed: 7/13/2021)
50585156 (Observed: 6/22/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 889).
Online Resources for Cichorium intybus:
Images
Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
Chicory (Cichorium intybus): close-up of leaf
Chicory (Cichorium intybus): close-up of flower
Cirsium arvense (Creeping Thistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Creeping Thistle; Canada Thistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 1967-2000; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
123875283 (Observed: 6/27/2022)
90772796 (Observed: 8/10/2021)
52503689 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
53103171 (Observed: 7/14/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 884).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Cirsium arvense:
Images
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Cirsium discolor (Field Thistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Thistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1968; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018; 2020; 2022
Allelopathic: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Nesting Materials
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
133124814 (Observed: 8/31/2022)
131999402 (Observed: 8/22/2022)
58658965 (Observed: 9/4/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 885).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Cirsium discolor:
Images
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor)
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): upper surface of leaf
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): lower surface of leaf
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): close-up of lower surface of leaf
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): close-up of inflorescence
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): close-up of inflorescence
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): close-up of flowers
Field Thistle (Cirsium discolor): developing inflorescence
Cirsium pumilum (Pasture Thistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Pasture Thistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Nesting Materials
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 885).
Online Resources for Cirsium pumilum:
Cirsium vulgare (Bull Thistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Bull Thistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2007; 2012; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 885).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Cirsium vulgare:
Conoclinium coelestinum (Blue Mistflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Blue Mistflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2020
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Notes: Until this species was noted growing in the PECO powerline right-of-way in 2020, it hadn't been noted at the Gordon since the 1984 Site-wide Survey by WCU undergrads Jack Holt and Jim Plyler. However, the single individual that was noted in 2020 most likely represents an escaped cultivar.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
60016111 (Observed: 9/18/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 959).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Conoclinium coelestinum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum)
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): inflorescence
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): inflorescence
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): close-up of stem
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): upper surface of leaf
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): lower surface of leaf
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): close-up of lower surface of leaf
Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum): close-up of inflorescence
Conyza canadensis (Canadian Horseweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Horseweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Erigeron canadensis L.Years Noted: 1967-1973; 1984; 1987; 1992; 1997; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 924).
Online Resources for Conyza canadensis:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Erigeron canadensis)
Coreopsis tinctoria (Dyers Coreopsis)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Dyer's Coreopsis; Golden Tickseed; Plain's Coreopsis
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2020-2021
Deer Resistant: Yes
Notes: Growing along the PECO right-of-way. Possibly planted as a dye plant, or brought in on someone's footwear.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
86314728 (Observed: 7/9/2021)
52519782 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 950).
Online Resources for Coreopsis tinctoria:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Golden Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctoria)
Golden Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctoria)
Golden Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctoria)
Golden Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctoria)
Golden Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctoria)
Eclipta prostrata (False Daisy)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: False Daisy
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2020; 2025
Notes: Noted in 2020 along the edge of the forest with the OMPA (Organic Materials Processing Area). Then, it was noted again until 2025 when it was seen in the area that had been planted with Alders in the far western GNA.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
314618173 (Observed: 9/17/2025)
58260032 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 944).
Online Resources for Eclipta prostrata:
Images
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata)
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata): close-up of inflorescence with fruits
False Daisy (Eclipta prostrata): close-up of fruit
Erechtites hieraciifolius (American Burnweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: American Burnweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
312710461 (Observed: 9/9/2025)
171558400 (Observed: 7/7/2023)
57733640 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 936).
Online Resources for Erechtites hieraciifolia:
Images
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius)
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius)
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius)
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius)
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius): leaf and stem
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius): close-up of inflorescence
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius): close-up of inflorescence
American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius): close-up of inflorescence
Erigeron annuus (Eastern Daisy Fleabane)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Eastern Daisy Fleabane
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2020; 2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Wind
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
137018916 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
51622395 (Observed: 7/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 923).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Erigeron annuus:
Images
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus)
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus)
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus): inflorescence
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus): upper surface of leaf
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus): underside of leaf
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus): inflorescence
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus): inflorescence
Erigeron canadensis (Canadian Horseweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Canadian Horseweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2023-2024
Dispersed By: Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
179030895 (Observed: 8/18/2023)
Online Resources for Erigeron canadensis:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Erigeron canadensis)
Erigeron philadelphicus (Philadelphia Fleabane)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Philadelphia Fleabane
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2021; 2023
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Notes: Read a guide to differentiating between Philadelphia Fleabane and Robin's Plantain at bplant.org.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
79193660 (Observed: 5/17/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 923).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Erigeron philadelphicus:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Erigeron pulchellus (Robins Plantain)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Robin's Plantain
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Notes: Read a guide to differentiating between Philadelphia Fleabane and Robin's Plantain at bplant.org.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 923).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Erigeron pulchellus:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus)
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus): close-up of the attachment of a leaf to the stem
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus): close-up of the underside of the leaf
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus): inflorescence
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus): close-up of the disc florets of the inflorescence
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus) being visited by a Margined Calligrapher (Toxomerus marginatus)
Erigeron strigosus (Prairie Fleabane)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Prairie Fleabane
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018; 2020
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
58280390 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
61265331 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 923).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Erigeron strigosus:
Images
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus)
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus)
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus): inflorescence
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus): inflorescence
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus): inflorescence
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus): underside of leaf
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus): close-up of stem with adpressed pubescence
Eupatorium perfoliatum (Common Boneset)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Boneset
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017; 2020-2022; 2024
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
55822687 (Observed: 8/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 223).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 957).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Eupatorium perfoliatum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Common Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Common Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Common Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Common Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Common Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Eupatorium serotinum (Late Boneset)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Late Boneset; Lateflowering Thoroughwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2017; 2020; 2023-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
242937906 (Observed: 9/20/2024)
188177819 (Observed: 10/18/2023)
57688417 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 958).
Online Resources for Eupatorium serotinum:
Images
Lateflowering Thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum)
Lateflowering Thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum)
Lateflowering Thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum)
Lateflowering Thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum)
Lateflowering Thoroughwort (Eupatorium serotinum)
Eurybia divaricata (White Wood Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: White Wood Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster divaricatus L.Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2015; 2017-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
183748162 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
110758825 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
7848129 (Observed: 9/9/2017)
61592637 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
139873185 (Observed: 10/21/2022)
94206126 (Observed: 8/31/2021)
58988926 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 924).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Eurybia divaricata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
White Wood Aster (Eurybia divaricata)
White Wood Aster (Eurybia divaricata)
Euthamia graminifolia (Flat-top Goldentop)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Flat-top Goldentop
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020; 2022-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136927425 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
59003601 (Observed: 9/8/2020)
61768363 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 912).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Euthamia graminifolia:
Images
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia)
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia)
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): upper surface of leaf
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): close-up of stem
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): underside of leaf
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): close-up of underside of leaf
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): inflorescence
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): inflorescence
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): close-up of inflorescence
Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia graminifolia): close-up of inflorescence
Eutrochium fistulosum (Hollow Joe-Pye Weed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Hollow Joe-Pye Weed; Trumpetweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Eupatoriadelphus fistulosus (Barratt) R.M. King & H. Rob.; Eupatorium fistulosum BarrattYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018; 2021-2022
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
92391454 (Observed: 8/24/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 958).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Eutrochium fistulosum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum)
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum): inflorescence
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum): close-up of its flowers
Hollow Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium fistulosum): close-up of a single flower
Eutrochium purpureum (Joe Pye Weed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Joe Pye Weed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2022
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Xerces Society - Northeast List
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
133908435 (Observed: 8/16/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 959).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Eutrochium purpureum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): leaf upper surface
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): leaf lower surface
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): close-up of the leaf lower surface
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): inflorescence
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): close-up of disc flowers
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum): close-up of disc flower
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium purpureum)
Galinsoga quadriradiata (Shaggy Soldier)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Shaggy Soldier
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F. BlakeYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 949).
Online Resources for Galinsoga quadriradiata:
Helianthus decapetalus (Thinleaf Sunflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Thinleaf Sunflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 946).
Online Resources for Helianthus decapetalus:
Heliopsis helianthoides (False Sunflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: False Sunflower; Smooth Oxeye
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Virginia DCR
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
307490644 (Observed: 8/18/2025)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 943f).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation [DCR]. 2022. https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/save-the-monarch; Date Accessed: 8/19/2022.
Online Resources for Heliopsis helianthoides:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Hieracium ×flagellare (Whiplash Hawkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Whiplash Hawkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 897).
Online Resources for Hieracium ×flagellare:
Hieracium caespitosum (Meadow Hawkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Meadow Hawkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Hieracium pratense TauschYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 896).
Online Resources for Hieracium caespitosum:
Fire Effects Information System
Hieracium gronovii (Queendevil)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Queendevil
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 897).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Hieracium gronovii:
Hieracium paniculatum (Allegheny Hawkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Allegheny Hawkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 898).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Hieracium paniculatum:
Hieracium piloselloides (Tall Hawkweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Hawkweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 898).
Online Resources for Hieracium piloselloides:
Fire Effects Information System
Lactuca biennis (Tall Blue Lettuce)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Blue Lettuce
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2023; 2025
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
179861062 (Observed: 8/23/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 892).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lactuca biennis:
Lactuca canadensis (Canada Lettuce)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Canada Lettuce
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 892).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lactuca canadensis:
Images
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Canada Lettuce (Lactuca canadensis)
Lactuca serriola (Prickly Lettuce)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Prickly Lettuce
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018; 2023
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 893).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lactuca serriola:
Lapsana communis (Common Nipplewort)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Nipplewort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2017; 2020
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Ants; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
50583417 (Observed: 6/22/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 891).
Online Resources for Lapsana communis:
Images
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis)
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): close-up of leaf
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): close-up of inflorescence
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis)
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): underside of leaf
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): close up of pubesence on the underside of leaf
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): the plant when it's in fruit
Common Nipplewort (Lapsana communis): close-up of 'capsule'
Leucanthemum vulgare (Oxeye Daisy)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Oxeye Daisy
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018; 2023
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Ants; Ballistic; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 910).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Leucanthemum vulgare:
Matricaria discoidea (Disc Mayweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Disc Mayweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 909).
Online Resources for Matricaria discoidea:
Packera aurea (Golden Ragwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Golden Ragwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2018; 2020-2025
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
116588510 (Observed: 5/11/2022)
77515719 (Observed: 5/5/2021)
75465541 (Observed: 4/27/2021)
46531876 (Observed: 5/18/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 229).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 935).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Packera aurea:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Golden Ragwort (Packera aurea)
Golden Ragwort (Packera aurea)
Golden Ragwort (Packera aurea)
Golden Ragwort (Packera aurea)
Prenanthes altissima (Tall Rattlesnakeroot)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Rattlesnakeroot
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2016-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
270483739 (Observed: 4/14/2025)
41044511 (Observed: 3/29/2020)
27641323 (Observed: 6/25/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 893).
Online Resources for Prenanthes altissima:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Nabalus altissimus)
Images
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Tall Rattlesnakeroot (Prenanthes altissima)
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (Rabbit-tobacco)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Rabbit-tobacco
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.Year Noted: 1984
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 904).
Online Resources for Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium:
Rudbeckia hirta (Blackeyed Susan)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Blackeyed Susan
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2020; 2022-2024
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; General Zoochory; Human Activities
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
127013571 (Observed: 7/19/2022)
57688817 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 941).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Rudbeckia hirta:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Blackeyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta): inflorescence
Blackeyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta): close-up of inflorescence
Rudbeckia laciniata (Cutleaf Coneflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Cutleaf Coneflower
Growth Habit: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 941).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Rudbeckia laciniata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Senecio vulgaris (Old-Man-In-The-Spring)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Old-Man-In-The-Spring
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2017; 2022-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 934).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Senecio vulgaris:
Images
Old-Man-In-The-Spring (Senecio vulgaris)
Old-Man-In-The-Spring (Senecio vulgaris)
Old-Man-In-The-Spring (Senecio vulgaris)
Old-Man-In-The-Spring (Senecio vulgaris)
Solidago altissima (Tall Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Tall Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1968-1990; 2020; 2022
Dispersed By: Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
137440711 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
59770742 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 916).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Solidago altissima:
Images
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Tall Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)
Solidago bicolor (White Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: White Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 917).
Online Resources for Solidago bicolor:
Solidago caesia (Bluestem Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Bluestem Goldenrod; Wreath Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2022
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
97894375 (Observed: 10/6/2021)
59765734 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 917).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Brewer, R. 1980. A half-century of changes in the herb layer of a climax deciduous forest in Michigan. Journal of Ecology 68: 823-832.
Online Resources for Solidago caesia:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Wreath Goldenrod (Solidago caesia)
Solidago canadensis (Canada Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Canada Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 917).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Solidago canadensis:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Solidago flexicaulis (Zigzag Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Zigzag Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2016-2017; 2020-2021
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
61145465 (Observed: 9/28/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 917).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago flexicaulis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis)
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): close-up of phyllaries
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis)
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis)
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): upper surface of leaf
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): close-up of stem and leaf base
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): lower surface of leaf
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): close-up of lower surface of leaf
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis): close-up of inflorescence
Solidago gigantea (Giant Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Giant Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2020
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Wind
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57254394 (Observed: 8/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 917).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago gigantea:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea)
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea): underside of leaf
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea): close-up of flowers
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea): close-up of flowers
Solidago juncea (Early Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Early Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 918).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago juncea:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Solidago nemoralis (Gray Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Gray Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 918).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago nemoralis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Solidago patula (Swamp Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Swamp Goldenrod; Roundleaf Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 919).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago patula:
Solidago rugosa (Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020; 2022
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Honey Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
137020347 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
60347533 (Observed: 9/18/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 920).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Solidago rugosa:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa)
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa)
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): close-up of lower stem
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): close-up of upper stem
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): upper surface of leaf
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): lower surface of leaf
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): inflorescence
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): inflorescence
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): close up of infloresence and phyllaries
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa): close up of infloresence
Sonchus asper (Spiny Sowthistle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Spiny Sowthistle
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Ants; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 895).
Online Resources for Sonchus asper:
Symphyotrichum cordifolium (Common Blue Wood Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Blue Wood Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster cordifolius L.Years Noted: 1983-1984; 2007; 2017-2018
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Pollinator.org; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 928).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum cordifolium:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (White Panicle Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: White Panicle Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018; 2020; 2022
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136588198 (Observed: 9/26/2022)
60650029 (Observed: 9/24/2020)
62081895 (Observed: 10/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 930).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum lanceolatum:
Images
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum)
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum)
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): inflorescence
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): upper surface of leaf
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): underside of leaf
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): close-up of underside of leaf
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): close-up of stem
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): inflorescence
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): inflorescence
White Panicle Aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum): inflorescence
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (Calico Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Calico Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster lateriflorus (L.) BrittonYears Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020-2024
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
59732628 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
61441693 (Observed: 10/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 930).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum lateriflorum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum): close-up of inflorescence
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum): close-up of inflorescence
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum): close-up of inflorescence
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum): close-up of inflorescence
Symphyotrichum novae. angliae (New England Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: New England Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster novae-angliae L.Years Noted: 1983-1984; 2000; 2017; 2020-2023
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: Very High (NRCS 2018a); Monarch Nectar Value: Very High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015; Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Honey Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136931182 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
60207385 (Observed: 9/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 930).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum novae-angliae:
Images
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
Symphyotrichum pilosum (Hairy White Oldfield Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: Hairy White Oldfield Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster pilosus Willd. var. demotusYears Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2007; 2017-2018; 2020; 2022
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
136924532 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
61204174 (Observed: 9/28/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 931).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum pilosum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of pubescent stem
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum)
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of underside of leaf
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of inflorescence
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of developing fruits
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of the phyllaries
Hairy White Oldfield Aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum): close-up of the phyllaries
Symphyotrichum puniceum (Swamp Aster)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Swamp Aster; Purplestem Aster
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Aster puniceus L.Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018; 2022
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
137415236 (Observed: 9/29/2022)
136839589 (Observed: 9/28/2022)
136193538 (Observed: 9/23/2022)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 932).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Online Resources for Symphyotrichum puniceum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum)
Taraxacum officinale (Common Dandelion)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Names: Common Dandelion; Diente de León
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2016-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; Wind
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
79192981 (Observed: 5/17/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 891).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Taraxacum officinale:
Images
Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Vernonia noveboracensis (New York Ironweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Asteraceae
Notes
Common Name: New York Ironweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2017; 2019-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Bee Beneficial: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Butterfly Value: High (NRCS 2018a)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Virginia DCR; Xerces Society - Mid-Atlantic List; Xerces Society - Northeast List
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310255988 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
52526821 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
57181358 (Observed: 8/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 889).
Monarch Butterfly References
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018a. Important Plants of the Monarch Butterfly. Greater Appalachian Mountains Region Staff Guide. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 132 pp.
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation [DCR]. 2022. https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/save-the-monarch; Date Accessed: 8/19/2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Mid-Atlantic. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-042_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Mid-Atlantic_web-3page_0.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Xerces Society: Monarch Nectar Plants Northeast. https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/16-044_01_XercesSoc_MonarchNectarPlants_Northeast_web-3page.pdf. File Accessed: 8-25-2022.
Online Resources for Vernonia noveboracensis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis)
New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis)
New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis)
New York Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis)
Impatiens capensis (Jewelweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Balsaminaceae
Notes
Common Name: Jewelweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 1989; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2013; 2016-2020; 2022-2025
Dispersed By: Ballistic; Human Activities; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
59732999 (Observed: 9/15/2020)
55824855 (Observed: 8/8/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 167).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 720).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Impatiens capensis:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)
Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)
Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)
Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)
Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis)
Berberis bealei (Leatherleaf Mahonia)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Berberidaceae
Notes
Common Names: Leatherleaf Mahonia; Beale's Barberry
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Mahonia bealeiYear Noted: 2025-2026
Deer Resistant: Yes
Online Resources for Berberis bealei:
Images
Leatherleaf Mahonia (Berberis bealei): Habit
Leatherleaf Mahonia (Berberis bealei): Close-up of leaf
Leatherleaf Mahonia (Berberis bealei): Close-up of branch tip that appears to have been browsed
Leatherleaf Mahonia (Berberis bealei): Close-up of a leaf base and the bract-like lowest pair of leaflets
Leatherleaf Mahonia (Berberis bealei): Underside of leaflet
Berberis thunbergii (Japanese Barberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Berberidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Barberry
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1965; 1984; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011-2026
Dispersed By: Birds; Mammals (non-bat)
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
183748161 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
157084320 (Observed: 4/18/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 409).
Online Resources for Berberis thunbergii:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
Caulophyllum thalictroides (Blue Cohosh)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Berberidaceae
Notes
Common Name: Blue Cohosh
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
75464394 (Observed: 4/27/2021)
49872775 (Observed: 6/16/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 408).
Online Resources for Caulophyllum thalictroides:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)
Podophyllum peltatum (Mayapple)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Berberidaceae
Notes
Common Names: Mayapple; American Mandrake; Ground Lemon; Devil's Apple
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2013; 2015-2025
Dispersed By: Reptiles; Turtles
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
209791211 (Observed: 4/26/2024)
110750099 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
110758631 (Observed: 4/8/2022)
163179713 (Observed: 5/22/2023)
153581523 (Observed: 4/5/2023)
45024259 (Observed: 5/5/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 409).
Online Resources for Podophyllum peltatum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)
Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)
Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)
Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)
Alnus serrulata (Hazel Alder)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Betulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hazel Alder
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Alnus incana var. serrulataYears Noted: 1984; 2008; 2017
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Water; Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 20-21).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 610).
Online Resources for Alnus serrulata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Hazel Alder (Alnus serrulata)
Hazel Alder (Alnus serrulata)
Carpinus caroliniana (American Hornbeam)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Betulaceae
Notes
Common Names: American Hornbeam; Musclewood; Blue Beech
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1965; 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 2004; 2007-2008; 2010; 2013-2014; 2016-2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
156723973 (Observed: 4/26/2023)
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 62).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 118-119).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 159-160).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 613).
Online Resources for Carpinus caroliniana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)
Corylus americana (American Hazelnut)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Betulaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Hazelnut
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; Mammals (non-bat)
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 614).
Online Resources for Corylus americana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Ostrya virginiana (Hophornbeam)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Betulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hophornbeam
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007-2008; 2018; 2025
Dispersed By: Wind
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Dove, T. and G. Woolridge (2018). Essential Native Trees and Shrubs for the Eastern United States. Watertown, MA, Imagine Books (p. 123).
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 402).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 155-156).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 613).
Online Resources for Ostrya virginiana:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Cynoglossum virginianum (Wild Comfrey)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Boraginaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wild Comfrey
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2014; 2017; 2019-2021; 2023
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
159494226 (Observed: 5/3/2023)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 751).
Online Resources for Cynoglossum virginianum:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Andersonglossum virginianum)
Images
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Wild Comfrey (Cynoglossum virginianum)
Hackelia virginiana (Beggars Lice)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Boraginaceae
Notes
Common Names: Beggars Lice; Virginia Stickseed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2016-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
163689460 (Observed: 5/25/2023)
159491819 (Observed: 5/3/2023)
89830006 (Observed: 8/3/2021)
52518749 (Observed: 7/9/2020)
60458234 (Observed: 9/22/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 749).
Online Resources for Hackelia virginiana:
Images
Beggars Lice (Hackelia virginiana)
Beggars Lice (Hackelia virginiana)
Mertensia virginica (Virginia Bluebells)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Boraginaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Bluebells
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018-2019
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Online Resources for Mertensia virginica:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Virginia Bluebells (Mertensia virginica)
Virginia Bluebells (Mertensia virginica)
Myosotis scorpioides (Water Forget-Me-Not)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Boraginaceae
Notes
Common Names: Water Forget-Me-Not; True Forget-Me-Not
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2017; 2020; 2023-2025
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
50916745 (Observed: 6/25/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 206).
Online Resources for Myosotis scorpioides:
Images
True Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis scorpioides)
True Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis scorpioides): close-up of leaves
True Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis scorpioides): close-up of flower
True Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis scorpioides): close-up of center of flower
Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Garlic Mustard
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007-2026
Dispersed By: Human Activities; Water
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310254017 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
271105256 (Observed: 4/16/2025)
163691021 (Observed: 5/25/2023)
154172920 (Observed: 4/9/2023)
99456559 (Observed: 5/14/2020)
5639942 (Observed: 4/10/2017)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 676).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Alliaria petiolata:
Images
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata): young leaves beside and underneath the snow
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouseear Cress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Mouseear Cress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2000
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 693).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Arabidopsis thaliana:
Arabis canadensis (Sicklepod)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sicklepod
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 674).
Online Resources for Arabis canadensis:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Borodinia canadensis)
Arabis lyrata (Lyrate Rockcress)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Lyrate Rockcress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017; 2024
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
209136718 (Observed: 4/24/2024)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 675).
Online Resources for Arabis lyrata:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Arabidopsis lyrata)
Barbarea vulgaris (Garden Yellowrocket)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Names: Garden Yellowrocket; Early Wintercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2004; 2007; 2017-2019; 2021-2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; Dispersal Unassisted; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
277068290 (Observed: 4/30/2025)
113146324 (Observed: 4/27/2022)
157082758 (Observed: 4/18/2023)
118454560 (Observed: 5/11/2022)
75459319 (Observed: 4/27/2021)
74771869 (Observed: 4/21/2021)
57795826 (Observed: 5/16/2019)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 689).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Barbarea vulgaris:
Images
Garden Yellowrocket (Barbarea vulgaris)
Garden Yellowrocket (Barbarea vulgaris)
Garden Yellowrocket (Barbarea vulgaris)
Garden Yellowrocket (Barbarea vulgaris): close-up of leaf base
Garden Yellowrocket (Barbarea vulgaris): clos-up of a fruit (lying on a leaf)
Brassica rapa (Field Mustard)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Mustard
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Brassica campestris L.Years Noted: 1984; 2008
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities
Allelopathic: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 678).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Brassica rapa:
Capsella bursa. pastoris (Shepherds Purse)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Shepherd's Purse
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967-1976; 1984; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Capsella bursa-pastoris:
Cardamine bulbosa (Bulbous Bittercress)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bulbous Bittercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2017
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 686).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Cardamine bulbosa:
Cardamine concatenata (Cutleaf Toothwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Cutleaf Toothwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Dentaria concatenata Michx.; Dentaria laciniata Muhl. ex WilldYears Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2018; 2021-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77264494 (Observed: 5/3/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 686).
Online Resources for Cardamine concatenata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Cutleaf Toothwort (Cardamine concatenata)
Cutleaf Toothwort (Cardamine concatenata): inflorescence
Cutleaf Toothwort (Cardamine concatenata): close-up of a flower
Cutleaf Toothwort (Cardamine concatenata): close-up of a floral bud
Cardamine hirsuta (Hairy Bittercress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hairy Bittercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2004; 2007-2008; 2017-2019; 2021-2022
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
336687604 (Observed: 3/15/2019)
108884679 (Observed: 3/18/2022)
73899173 (Observed: 4/13/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 687).
Online Resources for Cardamine hirsuta:
Images
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta)
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta)
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta)
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta): fruit
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta): constriction between the base of the fruit and the peduncle
Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta): developing seed
Cardamine impatiens (Narrowleaf Bittercress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Narrowleaf Bittercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2016-2026
Dispersed By: Ballistic
Notes: An invasive species that has been progressively more abundant at the Gordon during the past six years (at least).
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
146493632 (Observed: 1/11/2023)
40195112 (Observed: 3/18/2020)
46430815 (Observed: 5/18/2020)
Online Resources for Cardamine impatiens:
Images
Narrowleaf Bittercress (Cardamine impatiens)
Narrowleaf Bittercress (Cardamine impatiens)
Narrowleaf Bittercress (Cardamine impatiens)
Narrowleaf Bittercress (Cardamine impatiens)
Cardamine pensylvanica (Pennsylvania Bittercress)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Pennsylvania Bittercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2021
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77516466 (Observed: 5/5/2021)
46962430 (Observed: 5/21/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 148).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 687).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Cardamine pensylvanica:
Images
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Erysimum cheiranthoides (Wormseed Wallflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Wormseed Wallflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Erysimum cheiranthoides:
Hesperis matronalis (Dames Rocket)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Dames Rocket
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011-2012; 2017-2018; 2021-2024
Dispersed By: Animals; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
117769735 (Observed: 5/19/2022)
79566460 (Observed: 5/20/2021)
Online Resources for Hesperis matronalis:
Images
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Dames Rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Lepidium campestre (Field Peppergrass)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Names: Field Peppergrass; Pepperweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017; 2021
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
77511736 (Observed: 5/5/2021)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 682).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lepidium campestre:
Images
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Field Peppergrass (Lepidium campestre)
Lepidium densiflorum (Common Pepperweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Pepperweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory)
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 682).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lepidium densiflorum:
Lepidium virginicum (Virginia Pepperweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Virginia Pepperweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory)
Allelopathic: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 682).
Online Resources for Lepidium virginicum:
Microthlaspi perfoliatum (Claspleaf Pennycress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Claspleaf Pennycress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Ballistic; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Online Resources for Microthlaspi perfoliatum:
Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Watercress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2017-2020; 2024-2026
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
57796849 (Observed: 5/16/2019)
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 141).
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 147).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Nasturtium officinale:
Images
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale): plants in a pool in Plum Run
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale): close-up of leaves
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale): close-up of leaves
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale): close-up of inflorescece and fruits
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale): close-up of inflorescece and fruits
Sisymbrium officinale (Hedgemustard)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Hedgemustard
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Sisymbrium officinale:
Thlaspi alliaceum (Roadside Pennycress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Names: Roadside Pennycress; Garlic Penny-cress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2017-2018; 2021-2022; 2024-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
268420381 (Observed: 4/3/2025)
118452423 (Observed: 5/23/2022)
74773264 (Observed: 4/21/2021)
Online Resources for Thlaspi alliaceum:
Images
Roadside Pennycress (Thlaspi alliaceum)
Roadside Pennycress (Thlaspi alliaceum): close-up of leaf
Roadside Pennycress (Thlaspi alliaceum): close-up of inflorescence
Roadside Pennycress (Thlaspi alliaceum): close-up of fruit
Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Brassicaceae
Notes
Common Name: Field Pennycress
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017; 2020; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
268405391 (Observed: 4/3/2025)
53101394 (Observed: 7/14/2020)
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Thlaspi arvense:
Pachysandra terminalis (Japanese Pachysandra)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Buxaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Pachysandra
Growth Habit: Forb/herb, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2007; 2016-2026
Deer Resistant: Yes
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Neufeld, H. S. and D. R. Young. 2003. Ecophysiology of the herbaceous layer in temperate deciduous forests. pp. 38-90. In: Gilliam, F. S. and M. R. Roberts (eds). The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY
Online Resources for Pachysandra terminalis:
Images
Japanese Pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis)
Japanese Pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis)
Callitriche heterophylla (Twoheaded Water-starwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Callitrichaceae
Notes
Common Name: Twoheaded Water-starwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Block, T. A. and A. F. Rhoads (2011). Aquatic Plants of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 229).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 786).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Callitriche heterophylla:
Images
Twoheaded Water-starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)
Twoheaded Water-starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)
Twoheaded Water-starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)
Twoheaded Water-starwort (Callitriche heterophylla)
Campanula aparinoides (Marsh Bellflower)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Campanulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Marsh Bellflower
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
Northeast Wetland Status: OBL
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 220).
Online Resources for Campanula aparinoides:
Lobelia inflata (Indian-tobacco)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Campanulaceae
Notes
Common Names: Indian-tobacco; Puke Weed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2018; 2020-2021; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
300994876 (Observed: 7/25/2025)
94849486 (Observed: 9/10/2021)
57686666 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 872).
Online Resources for Lobelia inflata:
Images
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata)
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata)
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata): developing fruit
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata): upper surface of leaf
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata): close-up of flower
Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata): under surface of leaf
Lobelia siphilitica (Great Blue Lobelia)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Campanulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Great Blue Lobelia
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2016-2023; 2025
Northeast Wetland Status: FACW
Deer Resistant: Yes
Monarch Nectar Value: High (NRCS 2018b)
Also Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Illinois Wildflowers; Pollinator.org
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
319954013 (Observed: 9/9/2025)
92525143 (Observed: 8/25/2021)
32197451 (Observed: 9/5/2019)
57181263 (Observed: 8/20/2020)
58274717 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 873).
Monarch Butterfly References
Illinois Wildflowers. 2022. Page for Danaus plexipes. Data Downloaded 8/17/22: http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/insects/moths/danaus_plexippus.htm.
Natural Resource Conservation Service [NRCS] (ed). 2018b. Native Habitat Development for Pollinators, Honey Bees and Monarchs. Biology Jobsheet #16. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 6 pp.
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Lobelia siphilitica:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica)
Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica)
Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica)
Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica)
Triodanis perfoliata (Clasping Venus Looking-glass)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Campanulaceae
Notes
Common Name: Clasping Venus' Looking-glass
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 871).
Online Resources for Triodanis perfoliata:
Humulus japonicus (Japanese Hop)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Cannabaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Hop
Growth Habit: Vine, Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007; 2012; 2017-2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310253742 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
39925190 (Observed: 9/30/2019)
57677974 (Observed: 8/26/2020)
Online Resources for Humulus japonicus:
Images
Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus)
Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus)
Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus)
Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus)
Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus)
Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Honeysuckle
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1970; 1984; 1987; 1992; 1996; 1999; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011-2013; 2015-2026
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
39533008 (Observed: 2/25/2020)
34895358 (Observed: 7/9/2019)
40997396 (Observed: 3/29/2020)
49762313 (Observed: 6/15/2020)
62060383 (Observed: 10/8/2020)
Online Resources for Lonicera japonica:
Images
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): close-up of inflorescence
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): close-up of inflorescence
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): upper surface of leaf
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): lower surface of leaf
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): close-up of lower surface of leaf
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica): close-up of fruit
Lonicera maackii (Amur Honeysuckle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Amur Honeysuckle
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1984; 2004; 2007-2014; 2016-2026
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310253648 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
183748186 (Observed: 8/31/2023)
97399674 (Observed: 10/6/2021)
Online Resources for Lonicera maackii:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Lonicera morrowii (Morrows Honeysuckle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Morrow's Honeysuckle
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1970-1971; 1984; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Birds
Online Resources for Lonicera morrowii:
Fire Effects Information System
Lonicera sempervirens (Trumpet Honeysuckle)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Trumpet Honeysuckle
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 972).
Online Resources for Lonicera sempervirens:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Lonicera standishii (Standishs Honeysuckle)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Standish's Honeysuckle
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Year Noted: 1978
Online Resources for Lonicera standishii:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Lonicera fragrantissima)
Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (American Black Elderberry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: American Black Elderberry
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Sambucus canadensis L.Years Noted: 1970-1971; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2016-2018; 2020-2023; 2025
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Nesting Materials; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
40998666 (Observed: 3/29/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. (1981). Freshwater Wetlands: A Guide to Common Indicator Plants of the Northeast. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 219).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 966).
Online Resources for Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Sambucus canadensis)
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Viburnum acerifolium (Mapleleaf Viburnum)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Mapleleaf Viburnum
Growth Habit: Shrub, Subshrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2015-2025
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
164700838 (Observed: 5/30/2023)
104468685 (Observed: 10/16/2021)
83681093 (Observed: 6/18/2021)
74365248 (Observed: 4/17/2021)
65099246 (Observed: 11/17/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 962).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Online Resources for Viburnum acerifolium:
Fire Effects Information System
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Mapleleaf Viburnum (Viburnum acerifolium)
Viburnum dentatum (Southern Arrowwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Southern Arrowwood
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2015; 2017-2018; 2020
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Galea et. al 2015
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
49763462 (Observed: 6/15/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 963).
Monarch Butterfly References
Galea, M., E. Cole, L. Davies Adams, and L. Stritch (eds). 2015. Conservation and Management of Monarch Butterflies A Land Manager’s Restoration Guide for the Eastern U.S. Pollinator Partnership and USDA Forest Service, San Francisco, CA. 27 pp.
Online Resources for Viburnum dentatum:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Southern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum)
Southern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum): pair of leaves
Southern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum): underside of leaf
Southern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum): inflorescence
Southern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum): close-up of flower
Viburnum dilatatum (Linden Arrowwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Linden Arrowwood
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2009; 2017-2018; 2021-2022
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
310248323 (Observed: 8/30/2025)
133918860 (Observed: 6/1/2022)
99556907 (Observed: 10/19/2021)
52805734 (Observed: 9/15/2017)
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 963).
Online Resources for Viburnum dilatatum:
Images
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Linden Arrowwood (Viburnum dilatatum)
Viburnum opulus (European Cranberrybush)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: European Cranberrybush
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 2004; 2007; 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Water
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 965).
Online Resources for Viburnum opulus:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Viburnum plicatum (Japanese Snowball)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Japanese Snowball
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 1978; 2007; 2017-2019; 2021; 2023
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
46023059 (Observed: 5/12/2020)
77656063 (Observed: 5/6/2021)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 965).
Online Resources for Viburnum plicatum:
Images
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum)
Viburnum prunifolium (Blackhaw)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Blackhaw
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1967; 1970-1971; 1984; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2016-2024
Dispersed By: Birds
Deer Resistant: Yes
Listed As a Monarch Butterfly Plant In: Pollinator.org
Listed as a "Bee Plant" By the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center:
Native Bees; Bumble Bees; Supports Conservation Biological Control
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
235561521 (Observed: 8/13/2024)
156596679 (Observed: 4/25/2023)
130150061 (Observed: 8/9/2022)
99653146 (Observed: 10/28/2021)
99629281 (Observed: 10/28/2021)
45211674 (Observed: 5/7/2020)
53788712 (Observed: 7/20/2020)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2005). Trees of Pennsylvania. A Complete Reference Guide. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 56-57).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 965).
Monarch Butterfly References
Pollinator.org. 2022. https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/MonarchGardenPlants_170625_152424.pdf; File Accessed: 8-22-2022.
Online Resources for Viburnum prunifolium:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Images
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): seedling
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium)
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium)
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): inflorescence
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): inflorescence
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): close-up of flowers
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): close-up of flowers
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): trunk
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): upper surface of leaves
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): underside of leaves
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): close-up of fruit
Blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium): seedling
Viburnum setigerum (Tea Viburnum)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Tea Viburnum
Growth Habit: Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 966).
Online Resources for Viburnum setigerum:
Viburnum sieboldii (Siebolds Arrowwood)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Notes
Common Name: Siebold's Arrowwood
Growth Habit: Tree, Shrub
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 2 — "Significant Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species but are not presently considered to spread as easily and aggressively into native plant communities as those species listed as Rank 1."
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018; 2022; 2025
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
130149132 (Observed: 8/9/2022)
General Floristic References:
Magee, D. W. and H. E. Ahles (1999). Flora of the Northeast. A Manual of the Vascular Flora of New England and Adjacent New York. Amherst, MA, University of Massachusetts Press (p. 957).
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 966).
Online Resources for Viburnum sieboldii:
Arenaria serpyllifolia (Thymeleaf Sandwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Thymeleaf Sandwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2007
Dispersed By: Animals; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 460).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Arenaria serpyllifolia:
Cerastium fontanum (Common Mouse-ear Chickweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Mouse-ear Chickweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Cerastium holosteoides auct. non Fr.Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017
Dispersed By: Animals; Deer; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water
Online Resources for Cerastium fontanum:
Cerastium glomeratum (Sticky Chickweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sticky Chickweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 2007; 2017-2018
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Online Resources for Cerastium glomeratum:
Cerastium nutans (Nodding Chickweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Nodding Chickweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 462).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Cerastium nutans:
Dianthus armeria (Deptford Pink)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Deptford Pink
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2023; 2025
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Dianthus armeria:
Paronychia canadensis (Smooth Forked Nailwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Smooth Forked Nailwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 1984
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 456).
Online Resources for Paronychia canadensis:
Silene antirrhina (Sleepy Silene)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Sleepy Silene
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2017
Online Resources for Silene antirrhina:
Silene latifolia (Bladder Campion)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Bladder Campion
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Synonyms: Silene alba MillYears Noted: 1967; 1969-2000; 2004; 2007; 2009; 2011; 2017-2018; 2020
Dispersed By: Animals; Birds; General Zoochory; Wind
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
50584608 (Observed: 6/22/2020)
58280489 (Observed: 9/1/2020)
Online Resources for Silene latifolia:
Images
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia)
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia)
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia)
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia)
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia)
Bladder Campion (Silene latifolia): close-up of flower
Silene stellata (Widowsfrill)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Widowsfrill
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017
Deer Resistant: Yes
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 468).
Online Resources for Silene stellata:
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Plant Database
Spergularia salina (Salt Sandspurry)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Salt Sandspurry
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Biennial, Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Year Noted: 2018
Dispersed By: Animals; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Water; Wind
Online Resources for Spergularia salina:
iNaturalist (for the synonym Spergularia marina)
Stellaria longifolia (Longleaf Starwort)
Group: Plants
- Species is native to the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Longleaf Starwort
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Native to the conterminous United States
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
General Floristic References:
Rhoads, A. F. and T. A. Block (2007). The Plants of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press (p. 464).
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Stellaria longifolia:
Stellaria media (Common Chickweed)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Notes
Common Name: Common Chickweed
Growth Habit: Forb/herb
Duration: Annual, Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 3 — "Lesser Threat. Exotic plant species that spread in or near disturbed areas, and are not presently considered a major threat to undisturbed native plant communities."
Years Noted: 1984; 2007; 2017-2018; 2023
Dispersed By: Agricultural Practices; Animals; Ants; Birds; Deer; Dispersal Unassisted; General Zoochory; Human Activities; Rain (Assisted, i.e., ombrochory); Water
Winter-green Species: i.e., Is a species whose leaves develop in the fall and overwinter.
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
146765753 (Observed: 1/11/2023)
Wintergreen Species References:
Beatley, J. C. 1956. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 56(6): 349-377.
Online Resources for Stellaria media:
Celastrus orbiculatus (Oriental Bittersweet)
Group: Plants
- Species is introduced in the Lower 48 States.
Type: Flowering Plants - Dicots
Family: Celastraceae
Notes
Common Name: Oriental Bittersweet
Growth Habit: Vine
Duration: Perennial
Origin: Not native to the conterminous United States
Pennsylvania DCNR Invasive Plants Rating: Rank 1 — "Severe Threat. Exotic plant species that possess characteristics of invasive species and spread easily into native plant communities and displace native vegetation. Includes species that are or could become widespread in Pennsylvania."
Years Noted: 1970-1971; 1984; 1999; 2004; 2007-2009; 2011-2013; 2015-2025
Dispersed By: Birds
Allelopathic: Yes
Deer Resistant: Yes
iNaturalist Observations from the GNA:
65956800 (Observed: 11/24/2020)
Online Resources for Celastrus orbiculatus:
Fire Effects Information System
Images
